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特質理論

出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書
(由性格特質跳轉過嚟)

特質理論（英文：trait theory）係性格心理學上其中一個最重要嘅概念。根據特質理論，性格呢樣嘢可以想像成由一個個嘅性格特質（personality trait）組成，每個特質都係一個可以喺人之間有差異嘅心理行為變數。例如衝動（impulsivity）噉，衝動被指可以想像成唔同人之間嘅自控能力差異－有啲人比較擅長壓抑自己「去攞想要嘅嘢」嘅行動，有啲人冇咁擅長做呢樣嘢，後者算係比較衝動。

除此之外，特質理論仲好睇重研究「邊啲性格特質比較緊要」嘅問題：原則上，人可能具有嘅性格特質有數唔嗮咁多個；不過廿一世紀初嘅特質理論研究者一般都認為，有一部份嘅性格特質係零舍緊要嘅，意思即係話呢啲特質會對一個人嘅人生成敗造成零舍大嘅影響－例如想像做一份研究，俾一班人做性格測驗，發現某啲性格特質同精神健康有特別大嘅統計相關[1]。當中五大性格特質就出嗮名有講到五個俾人認為係對一個人影響特別大嘅性格特質[2]。

重要特質理論[編輯]

睇埋：性格心理學同替用嘅人格大五模型

... 等等。

人格特質一覽[編輯]

After examining thousands of personality measures and numerous personality trait frameworks, researchers have created "super-frameworks" that aim to encapsulate all personality traits into a single model (e.g., Pan-Hierarchical Five Factor Model).[3] These models also sometimes identify measures that can be used to measure traits/constructs in the models.[4]

Other examples of personality traits
Openness to experience Composed of two related but separable traits, Openness to Experience and Intellect. Behavioral aspects include having wide interests, and being imaginative and insightful, correlated with activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Considered primarily a cognitive trait.[5]
Conscientiousness Scrupulous, meticulous, principled behavior guided or conforming to one's own conscience. Associated with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.[6]
Extraversion Gregarious, outgoing, sociable, projecting one's personality outward. The opposite of extraversion is introversion. Extraversion has shown to share certain genetic markers with substance abuse. Extraversion is associated with various regions of the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala.[7]
Agreeableness Refers to a compliant, trusting, empathic, sympathetic, friendly and cooperative nature.[8]
Neuroticism Identifies people who are prone to psychological distress. Individuals who are high in neuroticism tend to be anxious, depressed, self-conscious, impulsive, vulnerable and display angry hostility. "Neuroticism is the major factor of personality pathology."[9] Neuroticism has been linked to serotonin transporter (5-HTT) binding sites in the thalamus: as well as activity in the insular cortex.[10] Neuroticism also predicts the occurrence of more negative life experiences.[11]
Honesty-humility Tendency towards sincerity, modesty, fairness, and greed avoidance. Those who score high on this trait feel little desire to manipulate others or to break the rules for personal gain.
Self-esteem (low) A "favorable or unfavorable attitude toward oneself".[12] An individual's sense of his or her value or worth, or the extent to which a person values, approves of, appreciates, prizes, or likes him or herself".[13]
Harm avoidance A tendency towards shyness, being fearful and uncertain, tendency to worry. Neonatal complications such as preterm birth have been shown to affect harm avoidance. People affected by eating disorders exhibit high levels of harm avoidance.[14] The volume of the left amygdala in girls was correlated to levels of HA, in separate studies HA was correlated with reduced grey matter volume in the orbitofrontal, occipital and parietal regions.[15]
Novelty seeking Impulsive, exploratory, fickle, excitable, quick-tempered, and extravagant. Associated with addictive behavior.
Sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) The defining trait of highly sensitive persons, characterized by the increased depth of processing of sensory input that underlies HSPs' greater proclivity to overstimulation, emotional reactivity and empathy, and sensitivity to stimuli.[16]
Perfectionism "I don't think needing to be perfect is in any way adaptive." (Paul Hewitt, PhD)[17]

Socially prescribed perfectionism – "believing that others will value you only if you are perfect."

Self-oriented perfectionism – "an internally motivated desire to be perfect."

Perfectionism is one of the traits associated with obsessional behavior and like obsessionality is also believed to be regulated by the basal ganglia.[18]

Alexithymia The inability to express emotions. "To have no words for one's inner experience".[19] In studies done with stroke patients, alexithymia was found to be more prevalent in those who developed lesions in the right hemisphere following a cerebral infarction. There is a positive association with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), childhood abuse and neglect and alexithymia. Utilizing psychometric testing and fMRI, studies showed positive response in the insula, posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and thalamus.[20]
Rigidity Inflexibility, difficulty making transitions, adherence to set patterns. Mental rigidity arises out of a deficit of the executive functions. Originally termed frontal lobe syndrome it is also referred to as dysexecutive syndrome and usually occurs as a result of damage to the frontal lobe. This may be due to physical damage, disease (such as Huntington's disease) or a hypoxic or anoxic insult.[21]
Impulsivity Risk taking, lack of planning, and making up one's mind quickly.[22] A component of disinhibition. Abnormal patterns of impulsivity have been linked to lesions in the right inferior frontal gyrus and in studies done by Antonio Damasio author of Descartes' Error, damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex has been shown to cause a defect in real-life decision making in individuals with otherwise normal intellect. Those who sustain this type of damage are oblivious to the future consequences of their actions and live in the here and now.[23]
Disinhibition Behavioral disinhibition is an inability or unwillingness to constrain impulses, it is a key component of executive functioning. Researchers have emphasized poor behavioral inhibition as the central impairment of ADHD. It may be symptomatic of orbitofrontal lobe syndrome, a subtype of frontal lobe syndrome which may be an acquired disorder as a result of traumatic brain injury, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), anoxic encephalopathy, degenerative diseases such as Parkinson's, bacterial or viral infections such as Lyme disease and neurosyphilis. Disinhibition has been consistently associated with substance abuse disorders, obesity, higher BMI, excessive eating, an increased rate of eating, and perceived hunger.[24]
Psychoticism Psychoticism is a personality pattern typified by aggressiveness and interpersonal hostility, one of four traits in Hans Eysenck's model of personality. High levels of this trait were believed by Eysenck to be linked to increased vulnerability to psychosis such as schizophrenia. He also believed that blood relatives of psychotics would show high levels of this trait, suggesting a genetic basis to the trait.[25]
Obsessionality Persistent, often unwelcome, and frequently disturbing ideas, thoughts, images or emotions, rumination, often inducing an anxious state. Obsessionality may result as a dysfunction of the basal ganglia.[26]

睇埋[編輯]

攷[編輯]

  1. ↑ Oshio, A., Taku, K., Hirano, M., & Saeed, G. (2018). Resilience and Big Five personality traits: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 127, 54-60.
  2. ↑ Leutner, F., Ahmetoglu, G., Akhtar, R., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2014). The relationship between the entrepreneurial personality and the Big Five personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 63, 58-63.
  3. ↑ Stanek, Kevin; Ones, Deniz (2023-11-20). Of Anchors & Sails: Personality-Ability Trait Constellations. University of Minnesota. doi:10.24926/9781946135988. ISBN 978-1-946135-98-8. S2CID 265335858. {{cite book}}: Check |s2cid= value (help)
  4. ↑ Stanek, Kevin C.; Ones, Deniz S. (2018), "Taxonomies and Compendia of Cognitive Ability and Personality Constructs and Measures Relevant to Industrial, Work and Organizational Psychology", The SAGE Handbook of Industrial, Work and Organizational Psychology: Personnel Psychology and Employee Performance, 1 Oliver's Yard, 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP: SAGE Publications Ltd, pp. 366–407, doi:10.4135/9781473914940.n14, ISBN 978-1-4462-0721-5, 喺2024-02-24搵到{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  5. ↑ DeYoung CG, Peterson JB, Higgins DM (Aug 2005). "Sources of openness/intellect: cognitive and neuropsychological correlates of the fifth factor of personality". Journal of Personality. 73 (4): 825–58. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00330.x. PMID 15958136.
  6. ↑ Template:Multiref2
  7. ↑ Template:Multiref2
  8. ↑ Template:Multiref2
  9. ↑ Eysenck SB, Eysenck HJ (1969). "Scores on Three Personality Variables as a Function of Age, Sex and Social Class". British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. Wiley. 8 (1): 69–76. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1969.tb00588.x. ISSN 0007-1293. PMID 5781476.
  10. ↑ Template:Multiref2
  11. ↑ Jeronimus BF, Riese H, Sanderman R, Ormel J (2014). "Mutual Reinforcement Between Neuroticism and Life Experiences: A Five-Wave, 16-Year Study to Test Reciprocal Causation". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 107 (4): 751–64. doi:10.1037/a0037009. PMID 25111305.
  12. ↑ Rosenberg M (1968) [1965]. Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 18. ISBN 0691028052.
  13. ↑ Template:Multiref2
  14. ↑ Bulik CM, 等 (1997). "Eating disorders and antecedent anxiety disorders: a controlled study". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 96 (2): 101–107. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1997.tb09913.x. PMID 9272193. S2CID 21378266.
  15. ↑ Template:Multiref2
  16. ↑ Template:Multiref2
  17. ↑ Benson E (November 2003). "The many faces of perfectionism". Monitor on Psychology. 34 (10).
  18. ↑ Template:Multiref2
  19. ↑ Muller RJ (2000). "When a patient has no story to tell: Alexithymia". Psychiatric Times. 17 (7): 1–6.
  20. ↑ Template:Multiref2
  21. ↑ Template:Multiref2
  22. ↑ Eysenck SB, Eysenck HJ (Feb 1977). "The place of impulsiveness in a dimensional system of personality description". British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 16 (1): 57–68. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1977.tb01003.x. PMID 843784.
  23. ↑ Template:Multiref2
  24. ↑ Template:Multiref2
  25. ↑ Template:Multiref2
  26. ↑ Template:Multiref2
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